Pulmonary_circulation

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Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. The term is contrasted with systemic circulation.

Contents 1 Course 1.1 Right heart 1.2 Arteries 1.3 Lungs 1.4 Veins 2 History 3 Embryonic 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Course

In the pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood exits the heart through arteries, enters the lungs and comes back through pulmonary veins.

Right heart

Oxygen-depleted blood from the body leaves the systemic circulation when it enters the right heart, more specifically the right atrium. The blood is then pumped through the tricuspid valve (o r right atrioventricular valve), into the right ventricle.

Arteries

From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery. This blood enters the two pulmonary arteries (one for each lung) and travels through the lungs.

Lungs

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs, where red blood cells release carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen during respiration.

Veins

The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the bicuspid valve, also called the mitral or left atrioventricular valve, into the left ventricle. The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation.

History

Pulmonary circulation was first discovered and published by Ibn Nafis in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna\'s Canon (1242), for which he is considered the father of circulatory physiology.Chairman\'s Reflections (2004), "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting", Heart Views 5 (2), p. 74-85 [80]. It was later published by Michael Servetus in Christianismi Restitutio (1553). Since it was a theology work condemned by most of the Christian factions of his time, the discovery remained mostly unknown until the dissections of William Harvey in 1616.

Embryonic

The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation. The fetal lungs are collapsed, and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale, an open passage between the two atria. When the lungs expand at birth, the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit. Over the course of several months, the foramen ovale closes, leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis in the adult heart.

See also

• Systemic circulation
• Double circulatory system
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Pulmonary artery

References

External links

• Pulmonary Circulation at fi.edu
• Physiology at MCG 4/4ch4/s4ch4_2
• MeSH Pulmonary+circulation

v • d • e Cardiovascular system
Blood  |  Heart  → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → Heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein

v • d • e List of arteries of head and neck
CC/EC	proximal superior thyroid: superior laryngeal - sternocleidomastoid branch - infrahyoid branch - cricothyroid branch - glandular branches ascending pharyngeal: posterior meningeal - pharyngeal branches - inferior tympanic lingual: suprahyoid - dorsal lingual - deep lingual - sublingual facial: cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular) - facial branches (inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, angular) occipital: sternocleidomastoid - meningeal - occipital - auricular - descending posterior auricular: stylomastoid - stapedial - auricular - occipital sup. temporal transverse facial - middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital) - anterior auricular - frontal - parietal maxillary 1st part/mandibular: anterior tympanic - deep auricular - middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal) - accessory meningeal - inferior alveolar (mental, mylohyoid) 2nd part/pterygoid: to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric) - buccal 3rd part/pterygopalatine: posterior superior alveolar - infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar) - descending palatine (greater palatine, lesser palatine) - artery of the pterygoid canal - sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal)
CC/IC	cervical carotid sinus petrous Vidian - caroticotympanic cavernous/ ophthalmic orbital group: ethmoidal (posterior, anterior) - lacrimal (lateral palpebral) - medial palpebral - terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal) ocular group: central retinal - ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior) - hypophysial (superior, inferior) cerebral/Willis ACA (anterior communicating) - MCA (anterolateral central) - posterior communicating - anterior choroidal
SC	vertebral artery meningeal - spinal (posterior, anterior) - cerebellar (PICA) basilar: pontine - labyrinthine - cerebellar (AICA, SCA) - cerebral (PCA) thyrocervical trunk inferior thyroid (inferior laryngeal, tracheal, esophageal, ascending cervical, pharyngeal) - transverse cervical (dorsal scapular) - suprascapular costocervical trunk deep cervical

v • d • e List of arteries of upper limbs
Axillary	scapular anastomosis - 1st part superior thoracic - 2nd part thoracoacromial (deltoid branch) - lateral thoracic - 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal) - anterior humeral circumflex - posterior humeral circumflex
Brachial	profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) - ulnar collateral artery (superior, inferior)
Radial	forearm: radial recurrent wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: superficial palmar branch - princeps pollicis (radial of index finger)
Ulnar	forearm: ulnar recurrent (anterior, posterior) - common interosseous (anterior, posterior, recurrent) wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: deep palmar branch
Arches	dorsal carpal arch: dorsal metacarpal (dorsal digital) palmar carpal arch superficial palmar arch: common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) deep palmar arch: palmar metacarpal

v • d • e List of arteries of torso - chest
Pulmonary / coronary	right coronary: SA nodal - AV nodal - atrial - right marginal - posterior interventricular left coronary: anterior interventricular - left circumflex - left marginal
Ascending aorta	aortic arch - brachiocephalic (thyreoidea ima) - common carotid
Subclavian	internal thoracic: anterior intercostal - thymic - pericardiacophrenic - terminal (musculophrenic, superior epigastric) costocervical trunk: highest intercostal (posterior intercostal 1-2) - deep cervical
Descending / thoracic aorta	visceral: bronchial - esophageal - mediastinal parietal: posterior intercostal 3-11 - subcostal - superior phrenic

v • d • e List of arteries of torso - abdomen
AA: Anterior	celiac left gastric: esophageal branches splenic: pancreatic branches (greater, dorsal) – short gastric – left gastro-omental common hepatic: proper hepatic (cystic), right gastric, gastroduodenal (right gastro-omental, superior pancreaticoduodenal, supraduodenal) SMA inferior pancreaticoduodenal – intestinal (jejunal, ileal, arcades, vasa recta)  – ileocolic (colic, anterior cecal, posterior cecal, ileal branch, appendicular)  – right colic – middle colic IMA left colic – sigmoid – superior rectal – marginal
AA: Posterior	visceral: middle suprarenal – renal (inferior suprarenal, ureteral) – gonadal (testicular ♂/ovarian ♀) parietal: inferior phrenic (superior suprarenal) – lumbar – median sacral terminal: common iliac (IIA, EIA)
IIA: Anterior	umbilical (superior vesical, to ductus deferens) – middle rectal – obturator (anterior branch, posterior branch) – inferior gluteal (accompanying of ischiadic nerve, crucial anastomosis) uterine ♀ (helicine, vaginal of uterine, ovarian of uterine, tubal of uterine) – vaginal ♀/inferior vesical ♂ internal pudendal: inferior rectal – perineal (urethral) – posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ – bulb of penis ♂/vestibule ♀ – deep artery of the penis ♂ (helicine)/clitoris ♀ – dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀
IIA: Posterior	iliolumbar (lumbar, iliac) – lateral sacral – superior gluteal
EIA	inferior epigastric (cremasteric, round ligament) – deep circumflex iliac – femoral

v • d • e List of arteries of lower limbs
EI: Femoral	superficial epigastric - superficial iliac circumflex external pudendal: superficial - deep (anterior scrotal) profunda femoris: lateral circumflex femoral (descending, transverse, ascending) - medial circumflex femoral (ascending, superficial, deep, acetabular) - perforating descending genicular (saphenous branch, articular branches)
Popliteal	sural genicular: superior genicular (medial, lateral) - middle genicular - inferior genicular (medial, lateral)
Anterior tibial	tibial recurrent (posterior, anterior) anterior malleolar (medial, lateral) dorsalis pedis: tarsal (medial, lateral)
Posterior tibial	circumflex fibular - fibular medial plantar - lateral plantar
Arches	arcuate: dorsal metatarsal/first dorsal metatarsal - deep plantar - dorsal digital arteries plantar arch: plantar metatarsal - common plantar digital - proper plantar digital

v • d • e Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology
Volumes	lung volumes - vital capacity - functional residual capacity - respiratory minute volume - closing capacity - dead space - spirometry - body plethysmography - peak flow meter - thoracic independent volume - bronchial challenge test
Airways	ventilation (V) (positive pressure) - breath (inhalation, exhalation) -respiratory rate - respirometer - pulmonary surfactant - compliance - hysteresivity - airway resistance
Blood	pulmonary circulation - perfusion (Q) - hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction - pulmonary shunt
Interactions	ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) and scan - zones of the lung - gas exchange - pulmonary gas pressures - alveolar gas equation - hemoglobin - oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect) - carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) - oxyhemoglobin - respiratory quotient - arterial blood gas - diffusion capacity - Dlco
Control of respiration	pons (pneumotaxic center, apneustic center) - medulla (dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group) - chemoreceptors (central, peripheral) - pulmonary stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex)
Insufficiency	high altitude - oxygen toxicity - hypoxia

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